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Investors today have a wide range of choices: stocks, bonds, mutual funds, Treasury
securities (including savings bonds), options, commodities, commodity futures, real
estate investment trusts (REITs), variable annuities and many more. You must
investigate before you invest-and remember that every investment involves some
degree of risk. These investments are not insured by the federal government if
they lose money or fail, even if you purchase them through a bank or credit union
that offers federally insured savings accounts.
Make sure you have answers to all of these questions before you invest.
- How quickly can you get your money back? Stocks, bonds, and
shares in mutual funds can usually be sold at any time, but there is no
guarantee you will get back all the money you paid for them. Other investments,
such as limited partnerships, often restrict your ability to cash out your
holdings.
- What can you expect to earn on your money? While bonds
generally promise a fixed return, earnings on most other securities go up and
down with market changes. Also, keep in mind that just because an investment
has done well in the past, there is no guarantee it will do well in the future.
- What type of earnings can you expect? Will you get income in
the form of interest, dividends or rent? Some investments, such as stocks and
real estate, have the potential for earnings and growth in value. What is the
potential for earnings over time?
- How much risk is involved? With any investment, there is always
the risk that you won't get your money back or the earnings promised. There is
usually a trade-off between risk and reward: the higher the potential return,
the greater the risk. The federal government insures bank savings accounts and
backs up U.S. Treasury securities (including savings bonds). Other investment
options are not protected.
- Are your investments diversified? Some investments perform
better than others in certain situations. For example, when interest rates go
up, bond prices tend to go down. One industry may struggle while another
prospers. Putting your money in a variety of investment options can help to
reduce your risk.
- Are there any tax advantages to a particular investment? U.S.
Savings Bonds are exempt from state and local taxes. Municipal bonds are exempt
from federal income tax and, sometimes, state income tax as well. For special
goals, such as paying for college and retirement, tax-deferred investments are
available that let you postpone or even eliminate payment of income taxes.
| Type of Investment
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What is it?
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Risk level
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| Money Market Funds
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Mutual funds that invest in short-term bonds. Usually pays better interest rates
than a savings account but not as much as a certificate of deposit (CD).
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Low risk.
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| Bonds and Bond Funds
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Also known as fixed-income securities because the income they pay is fixed when the
bond is sold Bonds and bond funds invest in corporate or government debt obligations.
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Low risk.
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| Index Funds
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Invest in a particular market index such as the S&P 500 or the Russell 2000 An
index fund is passively managed and simply mirrors the performance of the designated
stock or bond index.
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Risk level depends on which index the fund invests in For example; a bond index fund
involves a lower risk level than an index fund of emerging markets overseas.
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| Stocks
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Stocks represent a share of a company As the company’s value rises or falls, so does
the value of the stock.
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Medium to high risk.
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| Mutual funds
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Risk levels vary according to the holdings in the mutual fund Read the prospectus
to understand the risk.
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Risk levels vary according to the holdings in the mutual fund Read the prospectus
to understand the risk.
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The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires public companies to disclose financial and other information to help you make sound decisions. View the text of these files online. You can also call SEC's toll-free Investor Information Service at 1-800-732-0330 to obtain free publications and investor alerts or to learn how to file a complaint. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) also provides up-to-date market data and information for a wide range of stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other securities through its Market Data Center.
The following companies rate the financial condition of corporations and
municipalities issuing bonds. Their ratings are available online and at many public
libraries.
For ratings of mutual funds, consult magazines such as Kiplinger's Personal Finance,
Money, Consumer Reports, Smart Money, and Worth. To compare expenses, use the Mutual Fund Expense Analyzer available at www.finra.org.
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